AD AM IFK ṚBBI ANNAZ N TƐIBRIT A TAMAZIƔT

Tssnm akkʷ tutlayt taɛibrit, tutlayt n wudayn, tutlayt n tmurt n Israyil; tisinm ula iskkiln nns, maca idrus giwn wi issnn amzruy nns. Tanfust (tanqqist) n tɛibrit ur tli anaw, d ig nra ad tt nini g yat tguri, tamggarut ad ur rad tg amr: TUZZANT! (TAMKRRA/lmuɛjiza). Maf zɛma tga tuzzant? 

Rad skrɣ aynna mi ufiɣ afad ad sgzlɣ allas inu, acku ssnɣ mas ur ḥmiln ayt dari ad ɣrn aynna iɣzzifn... 

Ar ttinin imsnilsn mas d tutlayt tga zun d afgan, ar d tettlal, timɣur, twssr, tmmt. 

Ur jjin d yaɣul kra n ufgan sg tmttant s tudrt! yawn? 

Iwa hat taɛibrit tdwl d sg tmttant s tudrt! 

Manmk? 

Iwa inyat “Baẓẓ”!!! Uwin d imassann n umzruy mas tt nn tkka tutlayt ad g tmazirt n Knɛan s dat ad tili tgldit n Dawd d Sliman, ar sawaln mddn s tntaliwin nns g tudrt nnsn takuyast; tantaliwin ad a s tettyara Ttawrat (adlis lli akkʷ ilan atig dar wudayn); qqimn iɛibriyn ar sawaln tutlayt nnsn, ayllig tlkm tasut tiss 2 dffir tlalit n Ɛisa: ur sul tgi tɛibrit tutlayt taymmat n wudayn, taɣul d tutlayt tasgdant ka (tin tẓallit d warratn n iḥzzann); tmmt! Tamẓ taṛamit adɣar nns dar iɛibriyn. 

Tqqim tɛibrit g uẓkka (timḍlt) nns, tasutin f tasutin, qqimn tarwa nns ar sawaln tutlayin n tmizar g zddɣn, nɣ d kra n tntaliwin amm tɛibrmaziɣt, taɛibraɛṛabt, taɛibrṣbnyult, tayddict, atg.; ayllig d yuman (iban), gr tasut tiss 18 d tiss 19, yan umussu n uswingm uday, s yism n “Haskala” (asgmi s tɛibrit), lli d yugmn sg UMUSSU N TAFATIN/ISFAWN; g umzwaru, ttwassnnt twngimin n umussu n Haskala gr wudayn n tmurt n Aliman, lqqfn tnt ilmma aytmatn nnsn g tmura yaḍnin n Uṛubba, ḍfṛn tn ula udayn n Tmazɣa d win tmizar n imuslmn. 

Rad sul ittuḍfṛ...

Min (bla) ad nkcm g uylli d yusan g twngimin s ufruri, yuda aɣ uynni izdin d tutlayt: iqqan aɣ d g umzwaru ad nini mas tt nn kkan wudayn iradikaliyn llan mgal n ussmrs (listiɛmal) n tɛibrit g tirra nna ur igin tasgdant, maca mqqar uya, ssntan imaratn n umussu n Haskala ar ttaran s tɛibrit kra n tnfas tiqburin sg uzmz n Ttawrat, ukan ur ufin ula kra n umukris; maca, ɣas ssntan tirra f isntln (lmawaḍiɛ) imirann (n tizi ann g ddrn), yicqqu nit fllasn ad smdn, acku Ttawrat ur gis utint tguriwin 8000 n yat (2000 sigsnt ttunnant 1 tikklt g Ttawrat, d iẓuṛan n tguriwin ur utin 500 n yan), d ur tt nn kkin imawaln lli rad yaws g usuɣl n idlisn n tmassant d tusnakt. Ufan imaratn yan umukris yaḍn: kkan tt nn ar asn qqarn ɣas kra n mddn drusnin, gn akkʷ irgazn (iwtman) mi iktur yiɣf; ima timɣarin (tiwtmin) d irgazn nna ur bahra ɣrinin, kkan tt nn ar qqarn taskla tayddict, aylli yujjan tugtt n imaratn ad aran s tyddict afad ad ɣursn yili ugdud iggutn. (Zun d nit kra n imaziɣn ɣilad). Skrn imassann n Haskala tawuri nnsn, ssudrn d taskla taɛibrit, ldin d sis tutlayt sg uẓkka nns, mqqar ukan sul tmmut; Ayllig d idda umssudr lli tt id issnkrn sg tmttant: Iliɛiẓaṛ Bn Yahuda. 

 Ilul d Iliɛiẓaṛ Bn Yahuda s yism n Iliɛiẓaṛ Isḥaq Birlman Ilyanuf g tgldit n Rusya (Bilarusya dɣi), asggʷas n 1858, g ugnsu n yat twacunt (tawja) tudayt taḥasidit (taradikalit) isawaln s tyddict; igugl (sg babas) lliɣ iṭṭf 5 isggʷasn, tajj t innas akd xalis; izzri tamẓit nns zun d akkʷ inggʷa nns udayn g tɣri d ulmad n idlisn n usgd uday (Ttawrat, Micna d Utlmud), ilmma ilmd tafṛanṣiṣt, talimant d trusiyt, aylli t yujjan ad ikcm d umussu aṣhyuni, yaf nn digs mas d assudr n tutlayt taɛibrit g wakal n Israyil a rad ismun qaḥ udayn n umaḍal. 

 Izzri Bn Yahuda 4 isggʷasn g Bariz (Fṛanṣa), iɣr tasnijjit (tasnḍbibt) g tsdawit n Ṣurbun, iɣr ula amzruy d tsrtit n Ugmmuḍ Anammas (Lqblt n tuẓẓunt); yan wass, immiggir d yan wuday ggʷ Yirucalayim (Lquds), isawl dids s tɛibrit; assmrs ad n tɛibrit g wawal, ad t issnẓan (iqnɛn) mas tzmr tutlayt ad ad d tdwl s tudrt, tg tutlayt n uɣrf (ccɛb) aysrayili. 

G usggʷas n 1881, rad izug Bn Yahuda ntta d tmṭṭuḍt nns tamzwarut (igan taslmadt n trusiyt) s Yirucalayim g Faliṣṭin Taɛutmanit; rad dinn ifsr yan ulɣu (liɛlan) nna g da ittini mas d iqqan taɛibrit ad tg tutlayt n tinmal n tmazirt; imikk, rad ilmma ig aslmad n tɛibrit g tinml n umulli aysrayli aɣzuran g Yirucalayim (ar isslmad taɛibrit s tɛibrit, nican, min/bla asuɣl), imikk daɣ rad isnflul kra n tmsmunin (zun d “Tixyat Israyil”, “Cafa Birura” d “Ba Ad Halacun”), d ad ur nttu Takadimit n Tutlayt Taɛibrit nni iskr (tsul tlla ar wassa) afad ad issktr (ntta d imassann yaḍnin) taɛibrit s irmawn (lmuṣṭalaḥat) nna ur gis llinin. 

 G taddart nns, icṛḍ Iliɛiẓaṛ f tmɣart nns ad sar sul ur sawln kra n tutlayt amr taɛibrit, mqqar imsar aynna imsarn; yan wass yufa tamṭṭuḍt nns ar tettɣnnaj i memmis yat tzlit tarusiyt, ibṛṛm nit gis, yini as ad sar sul ur tals i tigawt ann. Llig as tmmut tmṭṭuḍt ad (Dibuṛa) s waṭṭan n turin, tujja as 5 igugiln, mmtn sigsn 3 s waṭṭan n diftirya, ikk 6 wayyurn yawl xaltis n warrawn nns: Ximda. 

 G usgmi n memmis (nna mi ismma Bn Ṣhyun), ikka tt nn ur ar t ittajja ad yurar g tsukt, nɣ d ad imun d tarwa yaḍnin, acku ur ar sawaln taɛibrit, ayad ad yujjan Bn Ṣhyun ad iddukkl d uydi nns (nna mi ismma Mahir); asgmi ad ad iskrn sg urba ad “Afgan Amzwaru” nna mi tga tɛibrit tatrart (taɛaṣṛit) tutlayt taymmat. 

Mqqar tt nn ikka walay (ttaqddum) ad iẓẓay, ilin imarawn (lwalidin) uginin ad lmdn warrawn nnsn yat tutlayt nna rad asn ur yawsn g usslmd anaflla; waxxa mkann, ismd sul Bn Yahuda tanaɣa nns, lli d issntan ilmma ar takka tayafut: g usggʷas n 1902, ilkm wuṭṭun n tawjiwin nna issmrasn ɣas taɛibrit –ilkm- 10 (n wacunin); ima g usggʷas n 1903, i tikklt tamzwarut, g umsasa gr wudayn n Israyil, rad yili umrara n wawal s tɛibrit! 

 Maca, is tt nn zɛma ur kkin icnga (iɛdawn) dar twngimt ad n ussudr n tɛibrit? 

Ɛad! Nenna yad s izwar mas bddn wudayn iradikaliyn n Uṛubba mgal ussmrs n tɛibrit g uynna ur izdin s tẓallit d usgd, iwa hat ula udayn iradikaliyn n Israyil (slawan akkʷ imzdaɣn inṣliyn da ur ginin iṣhyuniyn) bddn s wuzzal d tmssi mgal usnfar (lmcṛuɛ) n Iliɛiẓaṛ, ṣṛḍn (actkan) sis ɣur unbbaḍ (lḥakm) aɛutmani (aturkiy) lli t iqqnn g ubniq g usggʷas n 1894, ikk nn gis yan mnnaw wayyurn, ilmma ssufɣn t id imddukkal nns. Itturgl as ula uɣmis (ljarida) nns, uggar n usggʷas, yaf nn iman nns ifrd ɣas ntta d yan mnnaw imddukkal, ayad ad t yujjan ad ig afus nns g ufus n Hirtzil (babas n tṣhyunit) afad ad yaf wi t isnaln g twuri. 

 Imikk s imikk, ssntan iwdan (middn) ar ttfrakn s watig n tutlayt nnsn (mqqar akkʷ ur tgi tutlayt nnsn taymmat), ar d ilmma skarn amzgun (lmṣṛḥ), aẓawan, anzway (aṛadyu), iɣmisn, turtitin tiɛibriyin n imẓyann; ar akkan mddn i tarwa nnsn ismawn iɛibriyn, ar qqarn waṛṛaḍn taskla, timassanin, tusnakt d tetiknulujiyt s tɛibrit. G 1916, kkan tt nn 40% g wudayn n Israyil ar ttinin mas darsn tga tɛibrit tutlayt tamzwarut, tigmiḍi ad ar tettawḍ (tlkkm) 75% g Tal Abib d idɣarn yaḍnin nna g drusn wudayn iradikaliyn (tqqim tmdint n Yirucalayim d iɣrm aradikali nna g bahra idrus wawal s tɛibrit). 

Ur tt nn ikki usslmd n tɛibrit iẓli ɣas s imẓyann nna mi rad tg tutlayt taymmat, maca ula middn mqqurnin, slawan akkʷ wida d usanin sg bṛṛa n Israyil; acku, ad ur nttu mas tt nn tkka yat tɣnnant iqsḥn gr tɛibrit sg yat tsga d tfṛanṣiṣt, tanglizit d talimant sg tsga yaḍn; ayad rad yawḍ ayda mi nttini g umzruy n Israyil: “Imnɣi n Tutlayin”, slawan akkʷ gr tɛibrit d talimant, zun d llig tt nn tkka rad tettuṛẓm tsdawit tatiknit n Ḥayfa g usggʷas n 1913 (talli ittwassnn ɣilad g umaḍal s yism n Tixnyun), tmun tmhla (liḍaṛa) n tsdawit g Birlin, tini mas rad ttwaslmdnt tmassanin titikniyin s talimant; nkrn mddn ar sɣuyyun f tɣtast (lqarar) ad: slgn inlmadn d islmadn n Ḥayfa d Tal Abib tiɣri (skrn liḍṛab), ssutrn ad tg tɛibrit tutlayt tamyiwnt (lwaḥida) n usslmd d tɣri. 

G umggaru, dffir kigan n tɣnnant, tennuṛẓm tsdawit, s tɛibrit ka. S trnnawt ad, rad tssdus tɛibrit iman nns, tsrs yan uḍaṛ g umaḍal n tdlsa tatrart, d tetiknulujiyt. 

10 n isggʷasn dffir uyad, g 1924, tṛẓm Tsdawit n Yirucalayim tiwwura nns, tg gis tɛibrit tutlayt n ulmad d usslmd; ima Asinag n Wizman llig issnta g 1934, ur akkʷ sul illi wi isqsan matta tutlayt a s rad tili tɣri. 

TIGIRA

G usggʷas n 1922, rad tssnṣb (tṛṣṣm) tnbaḍt tabṛiṭaniyt tutlayt taɛibrit (tama n tnglizit d taɛṛabt) amm tutlayt n tmssugurt (lidaṛa), aylli rad daɣ ifk i tutlayt ad yan wazal ixatrn, acku tazmrt n uwank (ddula) ur tt saswa d tin mddn. 

G tmdinin amm Tal Abib (tamdint taɛibrit tamzwarut), iskr Bn Ṣhyun (memmis n Bn Yahuda) yan umzizzl (lḥmla): wanna isllan i kra n yan ar isawal s kra n tutlayt yaḍn, ar as ittini “wa aɛibri, sawl taɛibrit”. 

 Ad daɣ nurri s Iliɛiẓaṛ, nsskti d mas issnta yan usnfar sg 1901 ayllig immut (s waṭṭan n turin) g Yirucalayim g tgira n 1922: “Milun Halacun Haɛibrit Haɛicana Bihaxadaca” (Amawal n tutlayt taɛibrit taqburt d tetrart); amawal ad rad sigs issufɣ 7 isunaḍ (igʷzman) s dat tmttant nns, tssufɣ tmṭṭuḍt nns d memmis Ihud 9 isunaḍ nni qqimnin g usggʷas n 1959. Amawal ad irna digs kigan n irmawn d tguriwin tinulfa (Néologismes) da iṛḍl sg taɛṛabt (s waṭṭaṣ), taṛamit taqburt, talatinit taqburt, tanglizit, tarusiyt, talimant, tafṛanṣiṣt, atg. Immut Bn Yahuda, tɣama d tɛibrit, ɣaman dids warrawn nns yaḍnin lli tt swurinin (xdmnin), slawan akkʷ lliɣ d ilula uwank n Israyil g 1949, nbḍn wudayn iɣfawn nnsn, skrn sg tɛibrit tutlayt tamzwarut n Israyil (nnig taɛṛabt d tnglizit). 

 Dɣi, taɛibrit tatrart ar tt sawaln uggar n 9 id mlyun n mddn g umaḍal: 5 id mlyun sigsn llan g Israyil d Ikalln Ifaliṣṭiniyn; d umḍan (lɛadad) n tẓṛigin nna ttffuɣnin g tmazirt taɛibrit iskr sgis tiss 2 g uswir agraɣlan (amaḍlan), taty (tzri) sis ayda ittffuɣn g tmura timslaɛṛabin akkʷ! 

 Ima askkil aɛibri? Ur t akkʷ nbdir? 

 Askkil ad imsar as zun d ayda ittmsarn i tfinaɣ ɣilad: kigan n iysrayiliyn iyckinaziyn (lli d ddanin sg tmura n Uṛubba, Rusya d Mirikan) ad tt nn kkanin ran ad gn askkil alatini (lli myarn) g udɣar n uskkil aɛibri, maca mmiggirn akd yat tnzbayt nna ifrsn kigan sg ɣur imnɛaṛn n uskkil aɛibri. 

 Yadlli! Askkil ur ɣurs ma s rad isbiḍṛ tutlayt taɛibrit, d ig ddad nssudr yat tutlayt immutn, ad nit dids nssudr ula askkil nns, ḥuma ad ng tififlt i taṭṭajint, nsfalki tt sis uggar. 

 Ima udayn iradikaliyn? Ma ad sul ttinin? 

 Wid sulnt ukan gisn yan mnnawt trubba mẓẓiynin uginin -ar wass u- ad ssmrsn taɛibrit g kra n tɣawsa yaḍn nna ur igin taẓallit nɣ d tirra tasgdant. 

 Iwa ma rad am iniɣ a TAMAZIƔT? Ad am ifk Ṛbbi kra n tarwa zun d tarwa lli ifka i tɛibrit! Ima annaz, hat ur darm ma ad sis tskard ig ur imun d twuri n mddn nna rad usinin anzgum d ssiɛr nnm.

                                                                          Yassine Aït-el-Mouden